烧结工艺颗粒物中水溶性离子排放特性分析

采用荷电低压颗粒物撞击器（ELPI）对两段烧结工艺经除尘、脱硫后排放的颗粒物进行采样,分析颗粒物的粒数和质量浓度以及颗粒物中所含水溶性离子的粒径分布特征.结果表明,烧结工艺经除尘、脱硫后颗粒物的粒数浓度在10⁵～10⁷cm^-3,粒径小于0.1μm的颗粒物占总粒数浓度的67%～77%.颗粒物质量浓度呈双峰分布,烧结1分别在0.61μm和1.62μm处出现峰值,烧结2分别在0.37μm和1.62μm处出现峰值;对不同粒径段颗粒物中的水溶性离子进行分析后表明,烧结1排放的PM₁中含量最高的是NH₄⁺和Ca²⁺,分别为15.26%和14.84%;PM_>1中含量最高的是SO₄^2-,为33.52%.烧结2排放的PM₁中含量最高的是Cl^-,为28.12%;PM_>1中含量最高的是SO₄^2-,为29.21%.SO₄^2-在烧结1中主要集中在6.89～10.23μm这一粗粒径段中,占60%左右,而在烧结2中主要集中在粒径小于2.5μm的细粒径段颗粒物中,占81%左右.Cl^-在烧结1不同粒径段颗粒物中含量较低且分布较均匀,而在烧结2中Cl^-在0.13～0.24μm粒径段颗粒物中出现峰值且含量较高达45%左右.     

基于F-N曲线的煤矿重特大瓦斯爆炸事故伤亡规律研究

为研究煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故的伤亡规律,以2000-2014年发生的230起重大及以上瓦 斯爆炸事故为样本,运用统计学和F-N曲线法对事故特征进行了研究。首先,对事故起 数和伤亡情况的时间特征进行了统计;其次,对事故起数和伤亡数量的地域性特征进行 了研究;最后,基于F-N曲线法,对事故的死亡人数和受伤人数进行了规律分析。研究 结果表明:15年间的瓦斯爆炸事故起数总体上呈逐年下降的趋势,但在2005年出现了峰 值,死亡人数与事故起数的变化趋势接近,受伤人数变化趋势不太明显;重特大瓦斯爆 炸事故主要发生在中部和西南地区,且尤以山西省最为显著,其事故起数和伤亡人数都 是最多的;大多数事故造成了10～30人的死亡,其累计概率曲线在对数坐标中的梯度是 -1.642,受伤人数最频繁的区间是1～10人,其累计概率曲线在对数坐标中的梯度是- 0.652。     

鄱阳湖蓝藻分布及其影响因素分析

利用鄱阳湖的原位监测数据,分析鄱阳湖水华蓝藻的分布现状及其影响因素,探索鄱阳湖水华蓝藻的源头.研究结果表明,鄱阳湖浮游植物的优势种为硅藻,蓝藻为鄱阳湖的次级优势种,蓝藻在浮游植物总生物量的比例有逐年增加的趋势.水华蓝藻的主要优势种为鱼腥藻,其次为微囊藻和浮游蓝丝藻. 鄱阳湖蓝藻水华形成初期的基本规律为水华蓝藻在营养盐浓度相对较高且水流较缓的内湾及尾闾区生长分布,在夏秋季水位较高时在水流和风的作用下向主航道输移聚集. 结合鄱阳湖水文特点,主航道的水华蓝藻聚集有可能是上游四个湖区的蓝藻向下游漂移综合作用的结果.研究成果可为控制鄱阳蓝藻水华区域风险灾害提供基础数据.     

呼伦湖水面动态变化遥感监测及气候因素驱动分析

利用长时间序列的MODIS数据,采用水体指数动态分析的方法,对2000~2013年呼伦湖的水体面积进行了动态变化分析,并结合区域气候数据进行了驱动力分析.结果表明:2000~2012年期间,呼伦湖流域水体面积从2286km²减少至1773km²,减少22.4%,主要减少部分分布在湖体东北部和南部;2013年水体面积尤其是南部水域水体面积略有所恢复.呼伦湖主体湖区面积的变化与年均温呈现不显著的负相关关系.     

2006~2015年中国华北地区气溶胶的垂直分布特征

为研究高污染地区气溶胶形成机理提供理论依据,利用CALIPSO卫星提供的Level 2Profile和Level 2VFM产品,分析了华北地区2006～2015年532nm总后向散射系数,退偏振比,色比及不同类型气溶胶的时空变化特征,并结合地基观测资料,探讨了不同能见度下华北地区气溶胶垂直分布特征.结果表明：华北地区气溶胶粒子532nm总后向散射系数,退偏振比和色比范围依次为0.5×10^-3～8.0×10^-3km^-1sr^-1,0.14～0.3和0.6～2.0,且具有显著的季节和高度变化特征;能见度<5km时粒子散射能力最强,非球形最弱,粒径最小,对应的最大532nm总后向散射系数,最小退偏振比和最小色比依次为0.012km^-1sr^-1,0.092和0.856,能见度>10km时相反;污染沙尘,沙漠沙尘,污染大陆气溶胶和洁净海洋气溶胶集中在0～2km,出现的频率依次为13.81%,8.48%,5.45%和1.22%.     

Distribution of thifluzamide,fenoxanil and tebuconazole in rice paddy and dietary risk assessment

Distribution behaviors of thifluzamide, fenoxanil, and tebuconazole applied to rice were investigated in South China. Analysis was by a modified QuEChERS method with gas chromatography (thifluzamide and fenoxanil) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (tebuconazole). Thifluzamide and tebuconazole partitioned mainly into the soil, with half-lives in the paddy soil of 12–14 and 5.3–7.8 days, respectively. Fenoxanil partitioned mainly into the rice plants, with half-lives of 3.3–4.4 days. The half-lives of thifluzamide, fenoxanil, and tebuconazole in paddy water were 0.17–0.89, 1.8–3.0, and 1.6–4.0 days, respectively. The residues in rice grains at the pre-harvest interval of 14 days were all below the established maximum limit values. The dietary risks assessed as hazard quotients at the pre-harvest interval were less than 1.     

类二噁英物质及芳香烃受体(AhR)介导的有害结局路径(AOP)研究进展

二噁英及类二噁英物质(dioxin-like compounds,DLCs)是一类高毒性化合物的统称,对其毒理学的研究一直都是备受关注的焦点。已有证据表明,高毒二噁英及DLCs主要通过激活芳香烃受体(aryl hydrocarbon receptor,AhR),进而导致一系列生物毒性。近年来越来越多的新型有机污染物被发现具有类二噁英分子结构并存在潜在生物毒性或活性。与此同时,如何评估二噁英及DLCs对本土生态生物的危害及其风险也受到更多关注。本文综述了近几年发现的新型二噁英物质、二噁英及DLCs的AhR致毒机制、相应的有害结局路径(adverse outcome pathway,AOP)及AOP在指导探索新型物质及物种敏感性方面上的新观点和发现,同时也展望了二噁英及DLCs在生态毒理及风险评估领域的未来研究方向。     

基于PBPK模型的大鼠体内镉分布的比较:联合暴露及单独暴露

环境中同时存在着多种重金属元素,联合暴露与单独暴露时,重金属在体内的蓄积分布情况也可能有所差异。为探究重金属元素(汞、铬、砷、铅)对镉(Cd)在体内分布的影响,建立了大鼠在Cd暴露下的药代动力学(PBPK)模型,并进行了包括Cd在内5种重金属的联合毒性实验,比较了Cd单独给药与重金属混合物给药2种方式下大鼠肝脏、肾脏中的Cd浓度水平。结果表明,联合暴露高(Hg Cl23.67 mg·kg~(-1),NaAsO_2 3.67 mg·kg~(-1),CdCl_2 10.55 mg·kg~(-1),K_2Cr_2O_7 6.40 mg·kg~(-1),Pb(OOCCH_3)_2·3H_2O 133.33 mg·kg~(-1))、中(HgCl_20.367 mg·kg~(-1),NaAsO_2 0.367 mg·kg~(-1),CdCl_2 1.055 mg·kg~(-1),K2Cr2O70.640 mg·kg~(-1),Pb(OOCCH_3)_2·3H_2O 13.333 mg·kg~(-1))、低(HgCl_2 0.0367 mg·kg~(-1),Na As O20.0367 mg·kg~(-1),Cd Cl20.1055 mg·kg~(-1),K_2Cr_2O_7 0.0640 mg·kg~(-1),Pb(OOCCH3)2·3H2O 1.3333 mg·kg~(-1))剂量组大鼠肝脏中Cd浓度分别为13.37、0.78和0.06μg·g~(-1);肾脏中Cd浓度分别为14.41、1.64和0.15μg·g~(-1)。与对照组相比,暴露组中Cd浓度有显著升高,且不同剂量组之间均有显著性差异。同剂量Cd单独暴露的PBPK模拟结果显示,肝脏及肾脏中的Cd浓度水平落在联合毒性实验结果的浓度范围内,初步推断其他4种重金属的联合暴露并没有影响Cd在大鼠肾脏和肝脏中的浓度分布。     

Multiphase redistribution differences of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) between two successive sediment suspensions

Successive sediment suspensions often happen in estuary, yet little research has probed into the difference in the release behaviors of organic compounds among different suspensions. This study took polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as typical organic contaminants and investigated the release behaviors between two successive suspensions with a particle entrainment simulator (PES). Results showed that successive sediment suspensions lowered the concentration of dissolved PAHs in the overlying water via facilitating the re-adsorption of dissolved PAHs onto the suspended particles. Fast-release and slow-release periods of PAHs were successively observed in the both suspensions. The concentration changes of dissolved PAHs in the second suspension were generally similar with but hysteretic to those in the first suspension. More vigorous desorption and re-absorption of PAHs were induced in the second suspension. Successive sediment suspensions obviously decreased the concentrations of mineral composition and organic matters in the overlying water, which significantly affects multiphase distribution of PAHs.     

Characteristics and mixing state of S-rich particles in haze episodes in Beijing

Direct individual analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy combined with online observation was conducted to examine the S-rich particles in PM_2.5 of two typical polluted haze episodes in summer and winter from 2014 to 2015 in Beijing. Four major types of S-rich particles, including secondary CaSO₄ particles (mainly observed in summer), S-rich mineral particles (SRM), S-rich water droplets (SRW) and (C, O, S)-rich particles (COS) were identified.We found the different typical morphologies and element distributions of S-rich particles and considered that (C, O, S)-rich particles had two major mixing states in different seasons. On the basis of the S-rich particles’ relative abundances, S concentrations and their relationships with PM_2.5 as well as the seasonal comparison, we revealed that the S-participated formation degrees of SRM and SRW would enhance with increasing PM_2.5 concentration. Moreover, C-rich matter and sulfate had seasonally different but significant impacts on the formation of COS.

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